Generating humanized mice with fully functional T cells currently relies on co-implantation of hematopoietic stem cells from fetal liver and autologous fetal thymic tissue (BLT mouse). However, access to such tissues has ethical and logistical challenges. Herein, we show that NOD/SCID/IL2rγ null mice humanized with cord blood-derived CD34 + cells and implanted in quadriceps with pediatric thymic tissues excised during cardiac surgeries (CCST mice) are an alternative to BLT mice. Our data revealed a strong immune reconstitution in CCST mice, with T cells originating from CD34 + progenitor cells, proliferating efficiently in response to mitogenic stimulation ex vivo and capable of rejecting allogeneic human leukemic cells in vivo . Despite having less T cells than BLT mice, CCST mice were equally susceptible to mucosal or intraperitoneal HIV infection. Importantly, HIV-specific T cell responses were significantly higher in CCST-mice (median: 10.4% vs . 0.7%; p <0.0001 for CD8 + cells and 3.9% vs . 0.7%; p <0.01 for CD4 + cells). As well, antiretroviral therapy (ART) robustly suppressed viremia and reduced the frequencies of cells carrying integrated HIV DNA by up to 2 logs in various CCST mouse tissues. As in BLT mice, we observed a complete viral rebound in 67% of the animals by 2-4 weeks following ART interruption, suggesting the presence of HIV reservoirs. In conclusion, CCST mice represent an ethical and practical alternative to BLT mice, broadening the feasibility of utilizing humanized mice for research on HIV and other human diseases.

One Sentence Summary

We herein report a new humanized mouse model implanted with human cord blood hematopoietic stem cells and allogenic pediatric thymic tissue that develops a functional T cell compartment and supports efficient HIV infection and persistence during antiretroviral therapy.